Transcriptomic characterization of the response to a microalgae extract in Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum.

BACKGROUND: The steady world population growth and the current climate emergency crisis demand the development of sustainable methods to increase crop performance and resilience to the abiotic and biotic stresses produced by global warming. Microalgal extracts are being established as sustainable sources to produce compounds that improve agricultural yield, concurrently contributing during their production process to atmospheric CO2 abatement through the photosynthetic activity of microalgae. RESULTS: In the present study, we characterize the transcriptomic response in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the plant of horticultural interest Solanum lycopersicum to the foliar application of a microalgae-based commercial preparation LRM™ (AlgaEnergy, Madrid, Spain). The foliar spray of LRM™ has a substantial effect over both transcriptomes potentially mediated by various compounds within LRM™, including its phytohormone content, activating systemic acquired resistance, possibly mediated by salicylic acid biosynthetic processes, and drought/heat acclimatization, induced by stomatal control and wax accumulation during cuticle development. Specifically, the agronomic improvements observed in treated S. lycopersicum (tomato) plants include an increase in the number of fruits, an acceleration in flowering time and the provision of higher drought resistance. The effect of LRM™ foliar spray in juvenile and adult plants was similar, producing a fast response detectable 2 h from its application that was also maintained 24 h later. CONCLUSION: The present study improves our knowledge on the transcriptomic effect of a novel microalgal extract on crops and provides the first step towards a full understanding of the yield and resistance improvement of crops. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Corpus callosum-fastigium and tectal lengths in late-onset small fetuses.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate measurements on neurosonography of midbrain morphology, including corpus callosum-fastigium length and tectal length, in late-onset small fetuses subclassified as small-for-gestational-age (SGA) or growth-restricted (FGR). METHODS: This was a case-control study of consecutive singleton pregnancies delivered at term at a single center between January 2019 and July 2021, including those with late-onset smallness (estimated fetal weight (EFW) < 10th centile) and appropriate-for-gestational-age controls matched by age at neurosonography. Small fetuses were further subdivided into SGA (EFW between 3rd and 9th centile and normal fetoplacental Doppler) and FGR (EFW < 3rd centile or EFW < 10th centile with abnormal cerebroplacental ratio and/or uterine artery Doppler). Transvaginal neurosonography was performed at a mean ± SD gestational age of 33 ± 1 weeks in all fetuses to evaluate corpus callosum-fastigium length and tectal length in the midsagittal plane. Intra- and interobserver agreement was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: A total of 70 fetuses with late-onset smallness (29 with SGA and 41 with FGR) and 70 controls were included. Compared with controls, small fetuses showed significantly shorter corpus callosum-fastigium length (median (interquartile range), 44.7 (43.3-46.8) mm vs 43.7 (42.4-45.5) mm, P < 0.001) and tectal length (mean ± SD, 10.5 ± 0.9 vs 9.6 ± 1.0 mm, P < 0.001). These changes were more prominent in FGR fetuses, with a linear trend across groups according to severity of smallness. Corpus callosum-fastigium length and tectal length measurements showed excellent intra- and interobserver reliability. CONCLUSIONS: Small fetuses exhibited shorter corpus callosum-fastigium length and tectal length compared with controls, and these differences were more pronounced in fetuses with more severe smallness. These findings illustrate the potential value of midbrain measurements assessed on neurosonography as biomarkers for brain development in a high-risk population. However, further studies correlating these parameters with postnatal functional tests and follow-up are needed. © 2023 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Response to High Light in the Charophyte Alga Klebsormidium nitens.

The characterization of the molecular mechanisms, such as high light irradiance resistance, that allowed plant terrestralization is a cornerstone in evolutionary studies since the conquest of land by plants played a pivotal role in life evolution on Earth. Viridiplantae or the green lineage is divided into two clades, Chlorophyta and Streptophyta, that in turn splits into Embryophyta or land plants and Charophyta. Charophyta are used in evolutionary studies on plant terrestralization since they are generally accepted as the extant algal species most closely related to current land plants. In this study, we have chosen the facultative terrestrial early charophyte alga Klebsormidium nitens to perform an integrative transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis under high light in order to unveil key mechanisms involved in the early steps of plants terrestralization. We found a fast chloroplast retrograde signaling possibly mediated by reactive oxygen species and the inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase (SAL1) and 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphate (PAP) pathways inducing gene expression and accumulation of specific metabolites. Systems used by both Chlorophyta and Embryophyta were activated such as the xanthophyll cycle with an accumulation of zeaxanthin and protein folding and repair mechanisms constituted by NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductases, thioredoxin-disulfide reductases, and peroxiredoxins. Similarly, cyclic electron flow, specifically the pathway dependent on proton gradient regulation 5, was strongly activated under high light. We detected a simultaneous co-activation of the non-photochemical quenching mechanisms based on LHC-like stress related (LHCSR) protein and the photosystem II subunit S that are specific to Chlorophyta and Embryophyta, respectively. Exclusive Embryophyta systems for the synthesis, sensing, and response to the phytohormone auxin were also activated under high light in K. nitens leading to an increase in auxin content with the concomitant accumulation of amino acids such as tryptophan, histidine, and phenylalanine.

Estudio de los efectos de las lesiones del labrum acetabular en la cadera en un modelo experimental lagomorfo adulto / Study of the effects of the hip acetabular labrum damage in a rabbit animal model

Objetivo: El cartílago labral es una estructura cartilaginosa que recubre el acetábulo de la cadera. Su lesión es controvertida en cuanto a sus implicaciones debido a que no se conoce bien si es una causa de degeneración articular o sólo un cambio degenerativo más. Hemos diseñado un modelo animal en conejo para estudiar esta lesión. Material y metodología: Se utilizaron tres grupos de 13 animales a los que se lesionó una cadera dejando la otra como control y se les mantuvo estabulados al primer grupo 12 semanas, al segundo 18 y al tercero 30. Posteriormente se les realizó un estudio radiológico, otro por resonancia magnética y, tras su sacrificio, un estudio histológico. Resultados: No encontramos relación en nuestro modelo entre la lesión labral y los cambios degenerativos posteriores en los plazos citados. Tampoco encontramos daños labrales sin cicatrizar en el momento del sacrificio. Conclusión: En el modelo animal lagomorfo, la lesión labral no produce cambios degenerativos artrósicos y el cartílago labral podría presentar cierta capacidad de regeneración (AU)

Objective: The labrum is a cartilaginous structure that covers the hip acetabulum. The labral lesions are controverted because it is not known if the labral tears are a cause or a consequence of the hip osteoarthrosis. Material and methods: We designed a rabbit animal model to study the labral tears. We used three groups of 13 animals. We injured the labral cartilage of every rabbit in the right hip, and we used the left hip as a control. The animals were kept alive for 12, 18 and 30 weeks. We realized a radiologic, a magnetic resonance and a histological study in every rabbit to see the labral tears consequences. Results: We did not found in our model any significant relationship between the labral tears and the secondary osteoarthrosis in the studied time. We didn't found labral damage without heal when the animals were sacrificed. Conclusion: We can conclude, in the rabbit animal model, the labral tears don't produce degenerative changes in the hip. The labrum have regenerative capacity in the rabbit animal model (AU)

Generación in vitro de un sustituto de pared vesical humana obtenido mediante ingeniería tisular / In vitro generation of a human bladder wall substitute by tissue engineering

Objetivos. Numerosas patologías que afectan a la vejiga, de origen congénito (extrofia) o adquirido (traumatismos, tumores), requieren la reconstrucción de la pared vesical utilizando intestino delgado, sigma o estómago, los cuales no están exentos de complicaciones. Por ese motivo, en el presente trabajo pretendemos desarrollar un nuevo modelo de pared vesical humana mediante ingeniería tisular que pudiese tener una utilidad clínica. Material y métodos. En primer lugar, se procedió a generar cultivos primarios de células epiteliales y estromales de la mucosa vesical a partir de pequeñas biopsias de la pared vesical humana, utilizando para ello técnicas de digestión enzimática mediante tripsina-EDTA y colagenasa. Posteriormente, se generó un sustituto tridimensional de la mucosa vesical utilizando como soporte biomateriales de fibrina-agarosa. El análisis de las muestras se realizó a los 14 días mediante examen histológico de muestras teñidas con hematoxilina-eosina. Resultados. La aplicación de los métodos de digestión enzimática permitió generar eficientemente cultivos primarios de células epiteliales y estromales de la mucosa vesical humana, comprobándose que la tasa de proliferación de las células estromales era superior a la de las células epiteliales. Una vez generados los sustitutos de la pared vesical, se comprobó el adecuado nivel de biocompatibilidad del biomaterial y las células estromales y epiteliales. La estructura histológica de los sustitutos de pared vesical presentaba una gran analogía con la mucosa vesical humana nativa. Conclusiones. El tejido vesical generado por ingeniería tisular muestra importantes similitudes estructurales e histológicas con el tejido vesical nativo. Estos resultados sugieren que los tejidos generados mediante ingeniería tisular podrían tener utilidad terapéutica en el futuro (AU)

Introduction. Certain urological congenital conditions, such as bladder exstrophy and acquired conditions such as trauma and tumors may require the use of different tissues like small bowel, sigmoid colon or stomach for bladder reconstruction. However, these tissues are often associated to important complications. The aim of this study is to develop a novel substitute of the human bladder wall by tissue engineering. Material and methods. We first generated primary cell cultures of epithelial and stromal bladder mucosa cells from small tissue biopsies of human bladder by using enzymatic methods based on trypsin-EDTA and collagenase I. Then, a three-dimensional substitute of the bladder mucosa was generated using fibrin-agarose biomaterials. The analysis of the tissue substitutes was carried out at day 14th of development by histological examination of samples stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Results. The use of enzymatic digestion methods allowed us to efficiently generate primary cell cultures of the human bladder epithelial and stromal cells. The proliferation rate was higher in stromal cells as compared to epithelial cells. Once the bladder mucosa substitutes were generated, a good biocompatibility of the stromal and epithelial cells into the biomaterial was found. The histological structure of the bladder wall substitutes was analogue to that of the native human bladder mucosa. Conclusions. The bladder mucosa substitute generated by tissue engineering showed structural and histological similarities with the native human bladder tissues and open the door to the future therapeutic use of these bioengineered tissues (AU)

Angioqueratoma solitario de lengua en una niña de 7 años / Solitary angiokeratoma of the tongue in a girl 7 years old

Los angioqueratomas son malformaciones vasculares, caracterizadas por ectasias vasculares en la dermis papilar con hiperplasia epitelial e hiperqueratosis reactiva, que pueden aparecer de manera aislada o como forma sistémica generalizada asociados a enfermedades metabólicas. El angioqueratoma solitario de mucosa oral es una lesión poco frecuente, que hasta la comunicación de Sipponen, en 2006, se creía siempre típica de las formas sistémicas y muy rara en las localizadas. Su aparición en la infancia es, asimismo, poco frecuente, habiéndose descrito hasta la fecha sólo 5 casos en menores de 18 años, aunque algunos autores señalan que puede tratarse de una enfermedad infradiagnosticada de ahí la importancia de su adecuado estudio y diagnóstico. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 7 años de edad, con una lesión rojiza en el dorso de la lengua, no dolorosa, sin antecedente traumático, en cuyo examen físico se observó una lesión de 14 mm de diámetro en el borde derecho de la lengua, con múltiples pápulas eritematosas, sin apreciarse otros cambios en la mucosa oral. Se realizó una extirpación bajo anestesia general, y el diagnóstico se verificó por examen histopatológico de la pieza extirpada (AU)

Angiokeratomas are vascular malformations characterized by vascular ectasia in the papillary dermis with reactive epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis, which can occur in isolation or as widespread systemic form associated with metabolic diseases. The solitary angiokeratoma of the oral mucosa is a rare injury, which to Sipponen communication in 2006, always believed typical of systemic forms and very rare in localized. Its occurrence in childhood is likewise rare, having been described to date only 5 cases in children under 18, although some authors suggest that this may be an underdiagnosed disease, hence the importance of adequate study and diagnosis. We report a 7 years with a reddish lesion on the dorsum of the tongue, no pain, no history of trauma, in which physical examination showed a lesion of 14 mm in diameter in right right edge of the tongue with multiple erythematous papules, showing no other changes in the oral mucosa. Excision was performed under general anesthesia and the diagnosis was verified by histopathological examination of the resected specimen (AU)

[In vitro generation of a human bladder wall substitute by tissue engineering]. / Generación in vitro de un sustituto de pared vesical humana obtenido mediante ingeniería tisular.

INTRODUCTION: Certain urological congenital conditions, such as bladder exstrophy and acquired conditions such as trauma and tumors may require the use of different tissues like small bowel, sigmoid colon or stomach for bladder reconstruction. However, these tissues are often associated to important complications. The aim of this study is to develop a novel substitute of the human bladder wall by tissue engineering. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We first generated primary cell cultures of epithelial and stromal bladder mucosa cells from small tissue biopsies of human bladder by using enzymatic methods based on trypsin-EDTA and collagenase I. Then, a three-dimensional substitute of the bladder mucosa was generated using fibrin-agarose biomaterials. The analysis of the tissue substitutes was carried out at day 14th of development by histological examination of samples stained with hematoxylin-eosin. RESULTS: The use of enzymatic digestion methods allowed us to efficiently generate primary cell cultures of the human bladder epithelial and stromal cells. The proliferation rate was higher in stromal cells as compared to epithelial cells. Once the bladder mucosa substitutes were generated, a good biocompatibility of the stromal and epithelial cells into the biomaterial was found. The histological structure of the bladder wall substitutes was analogue to that of the native human bladder mucosa. CONCLUSIONS: The bladder mucosa substitute generated by tissue engineering showed structural and histological similarities with the native human bladder tissues and open the door to the future therapeutic use of these bioengineered tissues.

Propuesta de perfil de ácidos grasos omega 3 en nutrición enteral / Proposed profile of omega 3 fatty acids in enteral nutrition

Revisamos las recomendaciones internacionales de ingesta oral de ácidos grasos n-3.y su contenido en las fórmulas de nutrición enteral. Sus acciones metabólicas dependen de su metabolización a EPA y DHA. La actividad de las 5D y 6D desaturasas, que catalizan este proceso, aumenta con el ejercicio, insulina, estrógenos de mujer fértil y proliferadores peroxisómicos, mientras que disminuye con el ayuno, déficit de proteínas y oligoelementos, edad > 30 años, sedentarismo, tabaco, alcohol, colesterol, ácidos grasos trans y saturados, insulinopenia y hormonas de estrés (adrenalina y glucocorticoides). La mayoría de las guías recomiendan 20-35% de la energía total en forma de grasas, repartidas en saturadas 7-10%, poliinsaturadas 6-10% y monoinsutaradas en España 20%. El de AG n-3 es de 0,5-2 g/día o bien 0,5-2% de la ingesta calórica total, con un límite superior de 3 g/día. El de AG n-6 es del 2,5-10% del aporte calórico total y el cociente recomendado n-6/n-3 no está bien definido pero la mayoría recomienan 5/1. El contenido en EPA y DHA, debe ser de al menos los 500 mg diarios. Por último, la ratio EPA/DHA en la mayoría es de 2/1. Las fórmulas de nutrición estándar presentan un contenido en grasas adecuado, pero la mayoría de los productos que contienen EPA y DHA exceden el límite de los 3 g/día. De los productos hiperproteicos y/o concentrados por vía oral sólo un producto de este grupo contiene EPA y DHA. Las del anciano frágil no todas aportan EPA y DHA y las que los contienen, su concentración puede ser incluso excesiva y en una relación poco parecida a la del aceite de pescado (AU)

We review the international recommendations on oral intake of n-3 fatty acids and their content in the enteral nutrition formulas. Their metabolic actions depend on their metabolization to EPA and DHA. The activity of desaturases catalyzing this process increases with exercise, insulin, estrogens in the fertile women, and peroxisomal proliferators, whereas it decreases with fasting, protein and oligoelements deficiencies, age < 30 years, sedentary lifestyle, cigarette smoking, alcohol, cholesterol, trans and saturated fatty acids, insulin deficiency, and stress hormones (adrenalin and glucocorticoids). Most of the guidelines recommend that 20-35% of the total energy comes from fat, being 7-10% saturated fats, 6-10% polyunsaturated, and 20% monounsaturated, in Spain. The recommendation for n-3 FA is 0.5-2 g/day or 0.5-2% of total caloric intake, with an upper limit of 3 g/day. For n-6 FA, 2.5-10% of total caloric intake, the n-6/n-3 ratio not being well established although most of the guidelines recommend 5:1. The EPA and DHA content should be at least 500 mg per day. Finally, the EPA/DHA ratio is 2:1 in most of them. Standard nutrition formulas present an appropriate fat content, although most of the products containing EPA and DHA exceed the limit of 3 g/day. Among the products with hyperprotein and/or concentrated, only of them contains EPA y DHA. Not all the formulas used for the frail elderly contain EPA or DHA, and in those containing them their concentration may be excessive and with a proportion very dissimilar to that of fish oil (AU)

[Presurgical nasoalveolar molding a child with cleft lip and palate]. / Moldeamiento nasoalveolar prequirúrgico en el niño con fisura labiopalatina.

The cleft lip and palate are among the diseases that benefit most from the creation of multidisciplinary units (paediatric surgeons, maxillofacial and plastic, orthodontist, otolaryngologist, speech therapist, psychologist, etc.). The objectives of presurgical orthodontic and orthopedic treatment are: 1.--Align the alveolar segments and reduce the width of the cleft to facilitate cheiloplasty. 2.--To guide the growth of the segments in which the jaw is divided. 3.--Improve lingual function. 4.--Shaping the nasal cartilage and the columella. We review developments in the treatment results in presurgical NAM (PNAME) in 15 patients treated in cleft lip and palate Unit Hospital Virgen de las Nieves (10 unilateral and 5 bilateral). Three patients did not complete treatment because of lack of cooperation from parents who dropped by the baby's crying. In all patients who completed a significant improvement was achieved in the alignment and spacing of the alveolar segments and in the shape of the alar cartilage. The learning curve in shaping makes each time the results are better and communication between parents of patients causes dropouts are virtually zero.

[Analysis of the medical decision in abdominal pain suggestive of acute appendicitis]. / Análisis de la decisión médica en el dolor abdominal sugerente de apendicitis aguda.

OBJECTIVES: Application of the theorem of Bayes for the study of the usefulness of complementary quantitative and qualitative assessment of the effectiveness of ultrasound diagnosis in order to provide the clinician with a tool to accurately assess the effectiveness of these tests in diagnosing abdominal pain appendix subject box. METHODS: Retrospective cohort of 184 patients treated from January 2009 to June 2010 for abdominal pain suggestive of acute abdomen, of which 145 were operated. Were established as predictors of appendiceal disease abdominal exploration, ultrasonography and plasma levels of CRP and leukocytes. The statistical methodology developed by the systematic Bayesian prior determination of ROC curve and calculation of odds and post-test probability as pretest probability based on physical examination. RESULTS: The ROC analysis cut-points set of quantitative tests on the values of WBC >12,800 and CRP >1.8 mg/dl. Applying the model to the white cell count increased clinical certainty of this test in 11.3 points and 13.9 PCR. The combined use of both the index rose 32 points. The effectiveness of ultrasound method showed a statistically significant 94% and an increase in diagnostic certainty of 48 points. DISCUSSION: It is recommended to base the development of protocols and clinical guidelines in practice of test ultrasound as first, and joint determination of inflammatory markers, when that was questionable or negative. Further studies are proposed to increase the clinical certainty to reduce laparotomy white and diagnostic delays in this condition.

Moldeamiento nasoalveolar prequirúrgico en el niño con fi sura labiopalatina / Presurgical nasoalveolar molding a child with cleft lip and palate

Las fisuras labiopalatinas son una de las patologías que más se benefi cian de la creación de Unidades multidisciplinares (cirujanos pediátrico, maxilofacial y plástico, ortodoncista, otorrinolaringólogo, logopeda, psicólogo, etc.). Los objetivos del tratamiento ortodóncico y ortopédico prequirúrgico son: 1.- Alinear los segmentos alveolares y reducir la anchura de la fi sura para facilitar la queiloplastia. 2.- Guiar el crecimiento de los segmentos en que se halla dividido el maxilar. 3.- Mejorar la función lingual. 4.- Moldear los cartílagos nasales y la columela. Revisamos la evolución en los resultados en el tratamiento con moldeado nasoalveolar prequirúrgico (PNAM) en 15 pacientes tratados en la Unidad de Fisurados Labiopalatinos del Hospital Virgen de las Nieves (10 unilateral y 5 bilateral). Tres pacientes no completaron el tratamiento por falta de colaboración de los padres que lo abandonaron por el llanto del niño. En todos los pacientes que lo completaron se consiguió una importante mejoría en la alineación y separación de los segmentos alveolares así como en la forma del cartílago alar. La curva de aprendizaje en el moldeamiento hace que cada vez los resultados sean mejores y la comunicación entre los padres de los pacientes tratados hace que los abandonos sean prácticamente nulos (AU)

The cleft lip and palate are among the diseases that benefit most from the creation of multidisciplinary units (paediatric surgeons, maxillofacial and plastic, orthodontist, otolaryngologist, speech therapist, psychologist, etc.). The objectives of presurgical orthodontic and orthopedic treatment are: 1.- Align the alveolar segments and reduce the width of the cleft to facilitate cheiloplasty. 2.- To guide the growth of the segments in which the jaw is divided. 3.- Improve lingual function. 4.- Shaping the nasal cartilage and the columella. We review developments in the treatment results in presurgical NAM (PNAME) in 15 patients treated in cleft lip and palate Unit Hospital Virgen de las Nieves (10 unilateral and 5 bilateral). Three patients did not complete treatment because of lack of cooperation from parents who dropped by the baby’s crying. In all patients who completed a significant improvement was achieved in the alignment and spacing of the alveolar segments and in the shape of the alar cartilage. The learning curve in shaping makes each time the results are better and communication between parents of patients causes dropouts are virtually zero (AU)

Análisis de la decisión médica en el dolor abdominal sugerente de apendicitis aguda / Analysis of the medical decision in abdominal pain suggestive of acute appendicitis

Objetivos. Aplicación del teorema de Bayes al estudio de la utilidad de las pruebas complementarias cuantitativas, y valoración cualitativa de la efi cacia del diagnóstico ecográfi co, con objeto de dotar al clínico de una herramienta para evaluar con exactitud la efectividad de dichas pruebas en el diagnóstico del dolor abdominal susceptible de cuadroapendicular. Método. Cohorte retrospectiva de 184 pacientes atendidos desde enero 2009 a junio 2010 por dolor abdominal sugestivo de abdomen agudo, de los que 145 fueron intervenidos. Se fijaron como variables predictoras de enfermedad apendicular la exploración abdominal, la ecografía y los valores plasmáticos de PCR y leucocitos. La metodología estadística se desarrolló según la sistemática bayesiana, previa determinación de curva ROC, y cálculo de momios y probabilidades postprueba, según la probabilidad preprueba basada en la exploración física. Resultados. El análisis ROC fi jó los puntos de corte de las pruebas cuantitativas en valores de leucocitos >12.800 y PCR >1,8 mg/dl. La aplicación del modelo al contaje leucocitario aumentó la certidumbre clínica de esta prueba en 11,3 puntos y de la PCR en 13,9. El uso combinado(..) (AU)

Objectives. Application of the theorem of Bayes for the study of the usefulness of complementary quantitative and qualitative assessment of the effectiveness of ultrasound diagnosis in order to provide the clinician with a tool to accurately assess the effectiveness of these tests in diagnosing abdominal pain appendix subject box. Methods. Retrospective cohort of 184 patients treated from January2009 to June 2010 for abdominal pain suggestive of acute abdomen, of which 145 were operated. Were established as predictors of appendice aldisease abdominal exploration, ultrasonography and plasma levels of CRP and leukocytes. The statistical methodology developed by the systematic Bayesian prior determination of ROC curve and calculation of odds and post-test probability as pretest probability based on physical examination. Results. The ROC analysis cut-points set of quantitative tests on the values of WBC >12,800 and CRP >1.8 mg/dl. Applying the model to the white cell count increased clinical certainty of this test in 11.3points and 13.9 PCR. The combined use of both the index rose 32 points. The effectiveness of ultrasound method showed a statistically significant (..) (AU)

[Proposed profile of omega 3 fatty acids in enteral nutrition]. / Propuesta de perfil de ácidos grasos omega 3 en nutrición enteral.

We review the international recommendations on oral intake of n-3 fatty acids and their content in the enteral nutrition formulas. Their metabolic actions depend on their metabolization to EPA and DHA. The activity of desaturases catalyzing this process increases with exercise, insulin, estrogens in the fertile women, and peroxisomal proliferators, whereas it decreases with fasting, protein and oligoelements deficiencies, age < 30 years, sedentary lifestyle, cigarette smoking, alcohol, cholesterol, trans and saturated fatty acids, insulin deficiency, and stress hormones (adrenalin and glucocorticoids). Most of the guidelines recommend that 20-35% of the total energy comes from fat, being 7-10% saturated fats, 6-10% polyunsaturated, and 20% monounsaturated, in Spain. The recommendation for n-3 FA is 0.5-2 g/day or 0.5-2% of total caloric intake, with an upper limit of 3 g/day. For n-6 FA, 2.5-10% of total caloric intake, the n-6/n-3 ratio not being well established although most of the guidelines recommend 5:1. The EPA and DHA content should be at least 500 mg per day. Finally, the EPA/DHA ratio is 2:1 in most of them. Standard nutrition formulas present an appropriate fat content, although most of the products containing EPA and DHA exceed the limit of 3 g/day. Among the products with hyperprotein and/or concentrated, only of them contains EPA y DHA. Not all the formulas used for the frail elderly contain EPA or DHA, and in those containing them their concentration may be excessive and with a proportion very dissimilar to that of fish oil.

Comparación entre la actuación hospitalaria y la de Atención Primaria ante las crisis hipertensivas. Réplica / Comparison between hospital action and that of primary health care for hypertensive episodes. Reply

No disponible

Episodio de glaucoma agudo de ángulo cerrado tras cirugía ginecológica con anestesia general / No disponible

No disponible

Regulation of TLR expression, a new perspective for the role of VIP in immunity.

The contribution of VIP immune functions to the regulation of homeostasis and health is well known. Modulation of immune responses through new therapeutics is one of the main goals of physicians and scientists seeking to control inflammatory/autoimmune diseases in humans. Initial therapeutic strategies targeted adaptive immune responses; discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLR) has widened the horizon to include targeting the innate immune system. In this review we have summarized recent information about VIP modulation of TLR function, and we suggest that VIP represents a new therapeutic option in the management of several pathologies.

Análisis clínico de las crisis hipertensivas tratadas en el servicio de Urgencias de un hospital de tercer nivel / Clinical analysis of hypertensive episodes treated in a tertiary hospital emergency department

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[Genitourinary diseases mortality in mercury miners]. / Mortalidad por enfermedades genitourinarias en los mineros de mercurio.

OBJECTIVES: To study the mortality due to genitourinary diseases in mercury miners. POPULATION AND METHODS: 3.998 workers exposed to mercury in Minas de Almadén y Arrayanes S.A. were studied. The follow-up period was a century, since 1,895 to 1,994. It was completed assessing the vital status and the basic cause of death, in case of fatalities. Standardized Mortality Ratios by age, sex and calendar period were calculated. Expected deaths were obtained from age, sex and calendar period specific rates for the Spanish and Castilla-La Mancha populations. RESULTS: A significant increase in mortality due to genitourinary diseases was found (CIE-9 codes 580 to 629), being significant with respect to the total population for nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis, with SMR of 1.69 an 95% CI 1.18 to 2.34. Mortality excesses due to nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis were higher in the metallurgy workers than in miners. A Poisson multivariate regression detected a positive trend in the mortality due to nephritis and nephrosis associated to the exposure length, with the risk increasing fivefold after 30 years of exposure to mercury. CONCLUSIONS: This paper shows an excess in the mortality due to genitourinary diseases, specially in nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis, whose estimation and significance increases when compared to the population of Castilla-La Mancha.

Mortalidad por enfermedades genitourinarias en los mineros de mercurio / Genitourinary diseases mortality in mercury miners

Objetivos: Estudiar la mortalidad por enfermedades genitourinarias de los mineros de mercurio. Población y métodos: 3.998 trabajadores expuestos a mercurio de Minas de Almadén y Arrayanes S.A. fueron seguidos hasta 1994, lo que supuso un periodo de observación de un siglo, desde 1895 hasta 1994. Se determinó el estado vital y causa básica de defunción, en caso de muerte. Se calcularon las razones de mortalidad estandarizadas (RMEs) según edad, sexo y periodo de calendario. Las muertes esperadas se obtuvieron a partir de las tasas específicas por edad, sexo y periodo de calendario, de la población española y la castellano-manchega. Resultados: Se encontró un aumento en la mortalidad por las enfermedades del sistema genitourinario en general (códigos CIE-9 580 a 629), exceso que resultaba significativo respecto a la población general, para el caso de las muertes por nefritis, síndrome nefrótico y nefrosis (CIE-9 580-589), con una RME de 1,69, y un intervalo de confianza al 95% de 1,18 a 2,34. Los excesos encontrados en la mortalidad por nefritis, síndrome nefrótico y nefrosis, fueron mayores entre los trabajadores de la metalurgia que entre los mineros. Tras el análisis de regresión multivariante de Poisson, se observó una tendencia positiva en la mortalidad por nefritis y nefrosis con la duración de la exposición, multiplicándose por cinco veces el riesgo tras 30 años de exposición al mercurio. Conclusiones: Esta investigación muestra un exceso en la mortalidad por enfermedades del aparato genitourinario, en concreto de la mortalidad por nefritis, síndrome nefrótico y nefrosis, cuyo estimado y significación estadística se incrementan al comparar con la población de Castilla-La Mancha

Objectives: To study the mortality due to genitourinary diseases in mercury miners. Population and methods: 3.998 workers exposed to mercury in Minas de Almadén y Arrayanes S.A. were studied. The follow-up period was a century, since 1,895 to 1,994. It was completed assessing the vital status and the basic cause of death, in case of fatalities. Standardized Mortality Ratios by age, sex and calendar period were calculated. Expected deaths were obtained from age, sex and calendar period specific rates for the Spanish and Castilla-La Mancha populations. Results: A significant increase in mortality due to genitourinary diseases was found (CIE-9 codes 580 to 629), being significant with respect to the total population for nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis, with SMR of 1.69 an 95% CI 1.18 to 2.34. Mortality excesses due to nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis were higher in the metallurgy workers than in miners. A Poisson multivariate regression detected a positive trend in the mortality due to nephritis and nephrosis associated to the exposure length, with the risk increasing fivefold after 30 years of exposure to mercury. Conclusions: This paper shows an excess in the mortality due to genitourinary diseases, specially in nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis, whose estimation and significance increases when compared to the population of Castilla-La Mancha

VIP and tolerance induction in autoimmunity.

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a potent anti-inflammatory agent with immunoregulatory properties, skewing the immune response to a Th2 pattern of cytokine production. Here, we studied the effect of treatment with VIP in the development of diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, an animal model of type 1 diabetes. Mice treated with VIP from 4 weeks of age did not develop diabetes and showed milder insulitis than nontreated mice. The protective mechanism of VIP was associated with a reduction in the circulating levels of Th1 cytokines. In the pancreas of VIP-treated animals, regulatory T cell markers predominate, as indicated by the upregulation of FoxP3 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and the downregulation of the transcription factor, T-bet. These findings indicate that VIP restores tolerance to pancreatic islets by promoting the local differentiation and function of regulatory T cells.